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Harare — With increasingly extreme weather taking a toll on farming and income, Zimbabwe has released a trio of climate change policies designed to make the country more resistant to climate pressures and help it meet its international carbon-cutting pledges. The child friendly climate policy is designed to educate school children about climate change and promote climate-friendly practices, such as protection of forests and wetlands and broader use of low-emissions technologies. The new climate smart agriculture policy, meanwhile, focuses on ensuring that farmers and agricultural advisers adopt climate-hardy farming practices. And the country’s first overall national climate policy aims to help Zimbabwe put in place the legal structures needed to guide businesses on becoming greener to meet its emissions-cutting promises under the international Paris Agreement, said Washington Zhakata, climate change management director in the ministry of environment, climate and water. 'The National climate policy is the first step towards achieving this,' he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation in an interview. Adapting to less water Tirivanhu Muhwati, a climate scientist with the ministry of environment, climate and water, said the national policy would also focus heavily on adaptation to climate pressures, as most of the country’s communities are rural and depend on agriculture even as droughts intensify.

'The policy has a thrust towards promoting adaptation because, as a developing country, our scope for mitigation or reducing emissions is limited because we are not all that industrialised compared to the developed world,' he said. Approximately 80% of Zimbabwe’s rural people depend on rain-fed agriculture for a living, making them highly vulnerable to more extreme weather associated with climate change, said environment, water and climate minister Oppah Muchinguri Kashiri, at the launch of the policies earlier in June. According to the country’s submissions to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, most of Zimbabwe’s climate-changing emissions come from burning fossil fuels for energy, from agricultural production, and from waste handling and industrial processes. The new climate change policy aims to help cut emissions by industry, energy producers, agriculture and deforestation, among other sources. Muhwati described the Child friendly climate policy as a version of the national climate change policy meant to help students understand climate change issues and also to promote climate friendly practices among young people. The policy comes on top of other recent efforts to add climate change issues into the new national school curriculum, Muhwati said.

The climate smart agriculture policy, meanwhile, aims to help university professors and agriculture extension advisers pass on up-to-date information on agricultural practices capable of standing up to climate threats, from worsening drought to flooding. 'It aims to introduce a wholesome change in the way we do our agriculture. The best way to do this is through our agricultural colleges and universities,' Muhwati said. Peter Makwanya, a communications lecturer at Zimbabwe Open University and a writer on climate change communications issues, said all the three policies could help the country better deal with climate change – but only if they are actually put into practice. 'Climate smart agriculture is a noble idea if implemented sufficiently well but this is an area with lots of challenges, considering how our country manages, monitors and implements agricultural activities,' he said. Zhakata, however, said the policy was different from past policies that may have been shelved, if only because so many people now recognise that climate change is a problem and require effective guidance to ensure they can adapt. The national government has said it intends to establish a National Climate Fund that would use 10% of the national budget to finance action on adapting to climate change and curbing emissions.

The money would also support efforts to win funding from international climate funds, according to the new national climate policy. The government has said it would also consider a small tax on industry profits to support green growth. Besides worsening droughts and flooding — which have destroyed roads and schools over the past year — Zimbabwe faces climate pressures including flare-ups in malaria as temperatures rise and rainfall becomes more erratic.

Thomson Reuters Foundation.

Updated on July 23 at 7:04 p.m. ET President Trump has a new secretary of veterans affairs, nearly four months after he fired his first one. The Senate on Monday confirmed Robert Wilkie to lead the federal government’s second-largest department on a vote of 86-9. Until his nomination in May, Wilkie had been serving as the VA’s acting secretary since Trump ousted David Shulkin in late March, but he is actually the president’s second choice for the job. He originally nominated his White House physician, Rear Admiral Ronny Jackson, but Jackson withdrew when it became clear the Senate would not confirm him over reports of workplace misconduct and a lack of management experience. With Wilkie’s confirmation, Trump is now missing just one Cabinet-level official after the resignation earlier this month of EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt. The president has not nominated a permanent replacement, leaving the agency in the hands of Pruitt’s deputy, Andrew Wheeler.

The Senate earlier this year confirmed former CIA Director Mike Pompeo to serve as Trump’s secretary of state and Gina Haspel to replace him as the spy agency’s chief. Several other members of Trump’s original Cabinet have left or changed jobs already. Last summer, Trump made Homeland Security Secretary John Kelly his chief of staff and replaced him with Kirstjen Nielsen, who didn’t win Senate approval until December.

And in January, the Senate confirmed Alex Azar to become secretary of health and human services, four months after Trump’s first health chief, Tom Price, resigned amid reports of his extravagant travel spending habits as secretary. The Cabinet shuffle pales in comparison to the high turnover among the White House senior staff, which has seen the departures via resignation or firing of the chief of staff, chief strategist, press secretary, multiple communications directors, and other top officials. All the changes have kept the Senate busy confirming new Trump nominees.

The chamber is even more closely divided than it was during the debate over Trump’s first round of Cabinet picks. Republicans control 51 out of the 100 seats, but John McCain hasn’t voted since returning home to Arizona late last year. Department of State Manuel Balce Ceneta / AP Original secretary: Rex Tillerson Trump’s replacement: Mike Pompeo Reason for change: Tillerson had been on the outs for months with Trump. He reportedly called him “a moron” in a meeting last summer, and the two diverged on key policy issues and global hot spots like Iran, Russia, and North Korea. Background: Trump plucked Pompeo out of relative obscurity as a three-term congressman from Kansas when he nominated him to lead the CIA. Pompeo has loyally toed the president’s line on everything from intelligence matters to the question of Russian interference in the 2016 election.

Before running for Congress, Pompeo served in the Army and then started an aerospace and private security firm. Government experience: A little over a year as CIA director, and six years in the House before that Why Trump likes him: Pompeo is loyal. Trump and Tillerson disagreed on several important issues, including the Iran deal, the decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Accord, and more recently the president’s approach to North Korea. Trump told reporters that by contrast, he and Pompeo have “a very similar thought process.” Liabilities: Pompeo is a staunch conservative who quickly built a reputation as a partisan Republican in the House. He won confirmation as CIA director on a 66-32 vote, but Democrats and even a few Republicans will press him on how tough he’ll be on Russia as secretary of state.

Chances of confirmation: The Senate confirmed him on a vote of 57-42 on April 26. Mike Segar / Reuters Department of the Treasury Secretary: Steven Mnuchin Background: He’s a banker. Specifically, Mnuchin is a former senior executive at Goldman Sachs and a hedge fund manager who bought the failed mortgage lender IndyMac from the government in 2009. He spun it off into OneWest and sold it for a huge profit five years later. Mnuchin is also a Hollywood producer whose credits include Avatar, American Sniper, and the X-Men movies.

Government experience: None. Why Trump likes him: Spot the pattern yet? He’s a successful businessman. But perhaps equally as important, Mnuchin was a relatively early convert to the Trump cause and joined the campaign as national finance chairman back in April, just as the Republican was shifting from relying on his own funds to setting up a more traditional fundraising apparatus. Mnuchin made clear early on he wanted the Treasury job, and Trump rewarded him.

Liabilities: Goldman Sachs and foreclosures. Economic populists saw Mnuchin’s nomination by a candidate who ran against Wall Street and the “rigged” system as the ultimate betrayal. If Trump criticized Hillary Clinton for the speeches she gave to Goldman Sachs, how can he turn around and pick a man who got rich there for treasury secretary? Moreover, while Trump hailed Mnuchin for his business savvy in making a boatload off IndyMac at the depth of the Great Recession, Democrats grilled him for the foreclosures that resulted and like that of an 89-year-old widow who blamed hounding by the bank for her husband’s death. Job status: Solid. Mnuchin has annoyed Republicans in Congress at times, but he rarely if ever breaks with Trump in public and appears safe in his job. Alex Brandon / AP Department of Defense Secretary: General James Mattis Background: Mattis is a four-star Marine Corps general who led U.S.

Central Command from 2010 to 2013. He commanded forces in both the Afghanistan and Iraq wars after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Mattis also worked with General David Petraeus to produce the field manual on battling counterinsurgents in Iraq. Government experience: Forty-four years in the military, though none in civilian posts. Why Trump likes him: For a guy who once said he probably knows “more about ISIS than the generals do,” he certainly likes hiring them for top positions.

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Mattis is known as a straight-shooter and a voracious reader, and Trump has gushed that he is “the closest thing to George Patton that we have.” Like Trump, Mattis is someone whose blunt talk occasionally crashes through the line of political correctness, and he has criticized the Obama administration stance toward Iran and its strategy across the Middle East. Trump seems to value his opinion: He told The New York Times that he was “impressed” when Mattis pointedly told him that torture does not work, though it did not change the president-elect’s support for the practice.

Trump also seems fond of his nickname, Mad Dog. Job status: Safe. Trump appears to love Mattis, Republicans see him as a stabilizing force, and Democrats don’t mind him, either. Mike Segar / Reuters Department of Justice Attorney general: Jeff Sessions Background: Sessions represented Alabama in the Senate for 20 years, building up a record as a staunch critic of illegal immigration and expanded legal immigration. He’s been a conservative all around, opposing the Obama administration at nearly every turn.

Before his election to the Senate, Sessions served as a federal prosecutor and then Alabama attorney general. He might have had a lifetime appointment to the federal bench had the Senate not rejected his nomination in 1987 over allegations that he made racist comments and praised the KKK while criticizing the NAACP and the ACLU.

Government experience: Extensive. He served in the U.S. Senate since 1997 and held public office in Alabama beginning in 1981. Why Trump likes him: He doesn’t anymore, but originally it was loyalty. Sessions was the first senator to endorse Trump’s candidacy. Sessions’s top aides also worked in the Trump transition and policy adviser Stephen Miller eventually went on to serve as senior adviser to the president.

Sessions has made his name opposing comprehensive immigration reform and citizenship for undocumented immigrants, and Trump adopted similar positions that helped vault him to the top of the GOP primary field. Liabilities: Sessions’s liabilities in 2018 are entirely different than when Trump nominated him.

Then, he faced a firestorm over his record on civil rights and immigration, as well as racist comments he reportedly made in the 1980s. Now, he has drawn Trump’s unceasing ire for recusing himself from the Russia investigation and for, in the president’s view, slow-walking or stalling probes of Hillary Clinton, the Democrats, and the FBI. Trump’s animosity toward his attorney general has turned many Republicans in Congress against Sessions, some of whom have demanded his resignation. Trump’s replacement: Kirstjen Nielsen Reason for change: The DHS job opened up when Trump brought in Kelly to replace Reince Priebus as White House chief of staff.

Background: Nielsen served as chief of staff to Homeland Security Secretary John Kelly and then followed him to the White House when Trump named him his own chief of staff. During the Obama administration, Nielsen ran her own cyber-security consulting firm. Government experience: She previously held senior staff jobs in the Bush administration. Why Trump likes her: The more operative phrase might be: Why Kelly likes her. The chief of staff brought her into DHS, then the White House, and was instrumental in her being named his successor at DHS. Since winning Senate confirmation on a 62-37 vote in December, she has helped formulate Trump’s immigration proposals and defended the hard line he has taken in negotiations over extending the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. Job status: Considering how new she is in the job, probably pretty safe for the time being.

Department of Health and Human Services Jacquelyn Martin / AP Original secretary: Tom Price Current secretary: Alex Azar Reason for change: Price resigned under pressure in late September after spending more than $400,000 in taxpayer-funded travel bills for taking chartered flights all over the country. The scandal angered Trump, who was already unhappy with Price over Congress’s failure to repeal the Affordable Care Act. Background: Azar was a safe and entirely conventional choice as Price’s replacement. He served in senior positions at HHS under President George W. Bush before becoming a top executive at Eli Lilly, the pharmaceutical company. Government experience: More than six years at HHS during the Bush administration, first as its general counsel and then as deputy secretary. Why Trump likes him: Trump has tended to go with safe picks after resignations or withdrawals, and Azar fit that bill.

He was experienced in health policy and though he faced opposition from most Democrats, he survived the confirmation process without much trouble and won approval on a 55-43 vote. Job status: As the newest member of Trump’s Cabinet and so-far free of scandal, he’s secure for now. Joshua Roberts / Reuters Department of Housing and Urban Development Secretary: Dr. Ben Carson Background: The conservative former Trump rival for the Republican presidential nomination has no formal experience in housing policy.

He’s a retired neurosurgeon renowned for pioneering a procedure to separate conjoined twins. But what Carson brings to HUD.

He has written and spoken extensively about his upbringing, saying that his hard work and passion for reading, along with the firm encouragement of his single mother, helped him to escape the poverty of the inner city. Government experience: None. Why Trump likes him: Again, loyalty. Carson endorsed Trump after he dropped out of the presidential race, and though he wasn’t his most effective surrogate, he stayed with him through the ups and downs of the general election. Trump lambasted him during the primary, mocking his childhood struggle with what Trump described as “a pathological temper.” The two have long since patched things up, however. Carson was pegged for a Cabinet post early on, but it figured to be the Department of Health and Human Services, given his deep experience in medicine. Trump and Carson do appear to share an up-by-the-bootstraps philosophy toward combating poverty, where government programs play a smaller role than they do now.

Liabilities: Carson joined several other Trump Cabinet officials in being the subject of unflattering reports over government spending. He more than $31,000 on a dining set for his office after a senior HUD official complained that “$5,000 will not even buy a decent chair” in acting out redecorating orders from Carson’s wife. Job status: Shaky of late. Carson was reportedly one of four Cabinet members who John Kelly over the poor optics of their lavish spending habits. Mike Segar / Reuters Department of Energy Secretary: Former Texas Governor Rick Perry Background: Perry served three-and-a-half terms as the governor of Texas, succeeding George W.

Bush after he became president. He then ran for president twice, failing to win the Republican nomination in 2012 and then again in 2016.

His experience in energy-rich Texas would, on the surface, seem to make him a natural fit, but the Energy Department is actually more of a national security agency that’s responsible for designing and protecting the nation’s stockpile of nuclear weapons. The last two energy secretaries were award-winning scientists. Government experience: Three-and-a-half terms as governor of Texas, a short stint as lieutenant governor, and eight years as Texas agriculture commissioner. Why Trump likes him: Perry is another example of a Republican who fought bitterly with Trump only to make amends.

Early in the 2016 race, Perry was actually more confrontational with Trump than any other Republican. He gave an entire speech devoted to attacking him in July 2015, during which But Perry was out of the race a few months later, and he came around to Trump once he secured the nomination and campaigned for his election.